Concrete deck Dense concrete deck with suspended ceiling and Kingspan ThermaTM TR27 FMoverlay * Refer to Sitework Figure 2 Cover flashing Paving slabs on supports Kingspan ThermaTM TR27 FM Waterproofing e. Thermal bridging is another issue, often underestimated at the design stage. Large lanai (2 open sides) has carpet glued to concrete and it is 30 years old and impossible to clean from dust, small grass cutoffs from landscaping etc. If you want a patio in your backyard, you. Place permeable weed control sheets down. The platform projects from the wall of a building, usually above the ground floor. Adapting your balcony to make it perfectly pet-friendly is often as simple as adding a small fence or some wire mesh screening. The difference between outdoor and indoor tiles is mainly about the slip rating, when tiles are exposed to the elements, our hard-working outdoor tiles are good at minimising slipping on tiles. Run the sponge gently over the grout joints for a smooth finish, being careful not to pull the grout out. They are formed by installing a horizontal separation layer (e. Suspended system. 8” and it weighs 10 pounds. Liquid Rubber. Urbanology Designs puts the contemporary in concrete by. Hey urban dweller, if your tiny apartment balcony feels more like a curse than an amenity, listen up. One layer Derbigum CG4 on one layer Derbigum CG3 laid staggered, with side laps of 75 mm and end laps of 100 mm, fully sealed to primed screeded surface by "torch-fusion", followed by one layer. Slip Doctors DuraGrip provides a textured walking surface and can be applied on concrete or steel, as well as wood, natural stone, fiberglass, and tile. Keeping the balcony cooler means your whole family can enjoy it more, and you might even decide to kick off your shoes. Lay down balcony membrane. Be sparing with furniture. of existing concrete structures, a chloride contaminated building with damaged reinforced concrete balconies is selected as case study in order to demonstrate the applicability of the developed protocol and tools. The balconies appeared to be Juliet-type decorative features. A simple set of garden furniture (plastic table and chairs) or small sofa should be your limit. Proper maintenance of the tile and grout is important. Combine your mortar mix in a bucket and add the amount of water recommended on the bag of mortar mix. Apply the topcoat: Apply a topcoat to the membrane to protect it from UV rays and other elements. Wet mop or scrub with a brush – it depends on your floor surface. Adding turf to your balcony is not only more inviting, but can make the space more functional. Because pedestals merely rest on top of the concrete balcony floor, they are not attached, which means they are suitable for condo balconies. Frame the Roof. Sapphire’s Glide-On™ system only needs thermal breaks on the arms. Outdoor spaces and balconies have gained much more importance after the social isolation period the world went through. If the look of a wood-frame balcony is not for you, stick with steel. 0 Pools and spas 51 17. Lightweight Paving On Balconies, Roof Tops And More 1 - Press . Parapet walls for low-slope roofs can be insulated with a rigid-foam wrap. For a smooth concrete surface. With the Glide-On system, Sapphire incorporate these simply into the Sapphire Cassette module offsite, avoiding the cost and hassle of on-site installation. org. Wait 16 to 24 hours. (Image credit: Canva) By Derek Adams. Continue to 25 of 25 below. Within the balcony concrete, reinforcing steel is situated in varying sizes and. Along with this, you can go for a wooden floor on your balcony. Raining or not, new pavement must be placed on a firm, unyielding base. Most well-maintained timber balconies should last for at least 20 years, and a well-maintained concrete balcony should last for 40 to 50 years. Continue to 11 of 15 below. 2. When installing on top of your backyard, there’s likely dirt, soil, and/or gravel beneath the grass. Rake the top ½ inch of the sand to loosen to top. Not complying with these bylaws can lead to confrontation with your board, neighbours, and. Dampen a clean rag or scrub brush in the cleaning solution and scrub the walls and/or railings of the balcony. You can use it to level uneven areas by compacting the sand to a standard level. ). The entire unit is disposable. 5. No building maintenance. per square foot figure given above. Base plates are designed with a bevelled edge. A townhouse is a form of construction, not a form of ownership. For more garden ideas and expert advice for all types of garden, be sure to check out our hub. Ensure all water falls away. Wind Uplift on Balconies and Terraces – The Risks VersiPave® GP is a lightweight, high strength plastic paver support designed to eliminate the use of sand when laying pavers, resulting in reduced weight-bearing loads on building structures. Make sure to tackle the entire green-infested patio, walkway, or surface. Cornices: 60 — — 8. 'Spruce up a patio, garden or balcony with supersized tiles for a contemporary look all year round. How to Repair a Leaking Balcony. Inspection covers the interior of the Balcony or Verandah (including the ceiling, floor and internal surface of the concrete parapet); the glass balustrade/metal railing and its fixings; surface drainage system; and. Corridors: First floor: 100 — — Other floors: Same as occupancy served except as indicated: 9. Exterior walkways and balcony floors are designed to be flat and sloped away from walls and doorways. After the concrete repairs are made, a non-slip traffic-bearing coating system should be applied to the balcony floor and curb surfaces. These figures include water and people. 10. Step1: Framing for Stone Paver Deck. Posts on the outside (set back from corner). There are a number of products available on the market for sealing concrete. £30. This type of balcony has a larger point load imposed on the building and therefore it needs prior planning and permitting. The ideas listed here can be used for Commercial, office spaces, shops, etc. (Image credit: Stone. Consider non-slip paving alternatives. Waterproofing even class 3 membranes which are standard need a void in order to elongate but waterproofing membranes are direct fixed meaning when the movement of the framed construction occurs it doesn. flaking concrete and corrosion of the reinforcement are signs of decay. My balcony is made of concrete, and was painted a light shade of grey before I moved in. Uptic Studios. Guard railing height & other specifications and building codes: Guidelines for building guardrails on balconies, decks, landings, stair landings: this document provides building code specifications, sketches, photographs, and examples of defects used in inspecting indoor or outdoor guards or guard railings required at stairway landings, porches, decks,. However, in addition to these conventional tiles and slabs, paving slabs and concrete slabs are also repeatedly laid on balconies. With a little creative thinking, you can transform your bitsy balcony into an irresistible summer retreat. If your concrete patio is the only outdoor space you have, covering it with artificial grass is ideal for adding more greenery. 3. For a smooth concrete surface rather than an intricate design, though, you can estimate closer to the lower end of that spectrum. Stackable Support Pads are the easiest way to install paving units on roofdecks and balconies, effectively replacing the sand laying course used in a standard pavement installation. Mix the two together with a hand trowel or concrete mixer paddle attached to a power. Sikalastic®-726 Balcony One Shot is a two-component, aliphatic, chemically cured, elastomeric polyurethane waterproofing coating system that has both superior flexibility and abrasion resistance. Concrete surface finishes are never perfectly flat or horizontal. 5 times the live load for the area served, not required to exceed 100 — — 6. A concrete balcony is often recessed/inset into a façade and as it forms part of the main concrete frame of the building, must be waterproofed to ensure the structural integrity of the balcony and the building envelope. 248. 8 ). It is designed to carry the load and thermally break the concrete balcony. These tiles snap together in minutes without tools to cover an area of 5. Important steps to a safe and successful concrete balcony repair. Suitable surfaces include bituminous felt, timber, asphalt, lead, EPDM/rubber, single. Repair any minor cracks with spackling paste. Sweep or vacuum – get rid of dust and dirt while they are still dry and easy to remove. Natural materials also can be combined with synthetic bonding materials to provide greater stability and. 06 of 40. Concrete Patio Slope Q. Balconies made entirely of concrete and steel do not require inspection. 00 m. 2. As water is collected above the surface of the balcony, achieving a 150mm splash back and 75mm minimum distance. Step by step working instructions. – Learn more about drainage. Contain both orange and bike. 1. Choose from stone products such as slate or traditional porcelain in a variety of colors and. #7. Porcelain pavers or interlocking wood deck tiles offer the easiest and quickest way to beautify balcony floors. Thermal bridging at steel balcony and canopy connections can reduce the R-value of a wall by nearly 60%. Explore System. As water evaporates and salt is absorbed into the concrete, the rebar rusts and. 1. This can in turn create difficulty in completing some balconies as they can create complex processes and extra time. 99 inc VAT. Michelle Berwick Design. 3. 6 STANDARDS AND TOLERANCES GUIDE INTRODUCTION 1. 04 Retaining walls 21 1. 50 m. More expensive than bricks and concrete. It'll take a few years to fill in, but once it does, your roof will take on a secret garden feel that's well worth the wait. Check out four resurfacing. Solution for covering carpet glued to concrete on a balcony. Our systems feature wind-uplift protection and. since balcony is 5ft before edge and aleady have one concrete board over entire surface . ”. Luckily, it’s a relatively low one! You can expect to pay within a general range of $3 to $15 per square foot. 1. Install an Awning. Jose Pereira, 43, of Philadelphia, an employee of a private contractor that was working on the. Step 2: Waterproofing Details to Consider. 2 FOOTINGS, SLABS AND SETTING OUT 20. Mesh offers a good compromise between visibility and privacy. Small flowering cherry trees include purple leaf sand cherry ( Prunus x cistena ), Yoshino cherry (Japanese flowering cherry; Prunus x yedoensis ), 'Albertii' (. Chippings should be a minimum of 12. Concrete balconies tend to be treated like a flat roof and are usually finished with a waterproof membrane. Join the MyDek mission to make balconies and terraces safer… MyDek ® non-combustible decking systems are A rated for fire compliance with Part B legislation. The balconies were the width of the window/door set and comprised a metalPorch vs Patio. 1 Balconies and decks. Call us on + 353 1 447 0406 to speak with our expert team. Wood Balconies. Try to avoid plastic bins, as rodents can easily get into them. They both have. They can provide an outdoor space for people to exercise, sit, eat, relax, or simply enjoy the view. When it comes to balconies, the design and application of waterproofing must meet Australian Standard AS 4654. A dry well is a large underground basin filled with rocks of various sizes. 01 Cracking in concrete paving 20 1. Paving on a firm, stable, well-draining crushed aggregate base might be given more leeway than a thin asphalt overlay. 6. Insulate your balconies with Isokorb® Structural Thermal Breaks. Before you begin the repairing process, make sure that the damaged area is clean and clear of debris. 3701; or e-mail Rex. on roofs and balconies, with a broad base to spread the load. Give it 10-15 minutes to kill all the weeds and scrub using a stiff brush in a forth and back motion. Exterior walkways and balcony floors are designed to be flat and sloped away from walls and doorways. Brick Patio Designs: 12 Great Ideas and Pictures. Steel balcony thermal break. Firstly, renowned for their durability and strength, they make installing a level surface an efficient process. VAT. of load per square foot. Synthetic rattan furniture is perfect for such a combination. A: The 2006 version of ACI 117 mandates that balcony slopes must be measured within 72 hours of the pour and before the supporting shores are removed. This also means the tiles can be taken up again without destroying the balcony structure. It will stand up to just about anything. 100% Architectural Precast Concrete. Designed and manufactured in-house; we deliver & install. Catwalks and bridges. Lay down the support beams, pour the concrete to solidify the pillars, create the balcony, and then let it dry. A home's living space is increased when a patio is added. Hung Balcony. 2. Cons of using granite paving: Heavy to lift; Tricky to cut; Expensive; May need anti algae treatment in shady areas; 6. Scrub the area with a wire brush to remove the rust. Save Photo. 0. 6 to 58. You should use a high-quality primer that bonds to the tile. The best thing about them is that they can be crafted in the alloy, wood, and any other engineered materials like fiber or plastic. Floors shall be a minimum 3 1 / 2 inches (89 mm) thick (for expansive soils, see Section R403. Sprinkler protection shall be provided for exterior balconies, decks and ground floor patios of dwelling units and sleeping units where the building is of Type V construction, provided there is a roof or deck above. Specification. Bolt into the ground to prevent it from falling over. You should have an engineer inspect your building design to give you an accurate answer about the amount of weight the balcony will support. Let’s start with the basic bit: the elements of a balcony railing. Spread the mixture over the concrete with a. Balcony restoration and modernization is a key component of the work we doThe apartment house above has concrete columns supporting its balconies, so they should be able to carry a lot of weight. Pour one cup baking soda into a plastic bucket or bowl. Thermally Broken Balconies Alternative Strategies for Low Carbon Buildings. All three of these options are exceptionally durable, water-resistant, and easy to maintain. . . A minimum slope of ¼ in. Waterproofing's main role is to protect the balcony from deterioration caused by water infiltration. Sidewall sprinklers that are used to protect such areas shall be permitted to be located such. Create a grand entrance using concrete balusters. 2. Throughout this article, you will also learn the following. Fred owns a condominium that has a balcony. Be sure to polish your wooden balcony flooring to seal in moisture. g. See moreFrom start to finish, resurfacing a balcony is usually a nightmare — but all of that is changing with the use of easy-to-install paving deck tiles. Straightforward, robust paving system for metal-frame balconies. Build a dry well. If the wood is bowed or rough it can cause problems with bonding. the concrete slab that forms the base of the balcony, which is considered common property and thus the responsibility of the body corporate. Small flowering cherry trees include purple leaf sand cherry ( Prunus x cistena ), Yoshino cherry (Japanese flowering cherry; Prunus x yedoensis ), 'Albertii' ( Prunus padus ), and 'Okame' ( Prunus incisa x Prunus campanulata ). As they are often directly above internal rooms, interfacing detail between the balustrade and the waterproofing on the balcony needs careful consideration. Further Reading – How to Build A Concrete Catch Basin – 8 Steps to Follow. If possible, a power washer is the best way to get the concrete clean. for example, where a precast concrete deck and a steel deck abut. A well maintained concrete balcony should last for 40 to 50 years. The kit is suitable for application on to most roofing substrates including Concrete*, TPO*, EPDM*, Single Ply*, Rubber*, Asphalt, Felt, GRP, Plywood and OSB. 2. Peeling, blistering, or splitting paint at critical areas. A recent statistical survey has revealed that "Balcony Waterproofing" has the highest failure rate among all the areas in the building envelope. With its simple lines, medium blue painted wood siding, and bright red bar stools, the outdoor bar is a cozy and inviting place to share a drink. A combination of fake grass on the balcony with concrete slabs looks very elegant. balcony translate: 露臺，陽臺, （劇場的）樓座，樓廳，廂房. Balconies over 6m2 must be drained. 3. Moving from the floor to the walls, painting your balcony is. Exterior wood trim deteriorating, splitting, soft, or with biological growth. Thanks to the increase in thickness, the concrete tiles can be fully safely supported in points on adjustable paving slab supports . Let dry. Installing the artificial grass on a balcony. Rainwater causing pooling and breakdown of membranes. For shallower weeds, a wire paving brush is excellent. However, they’re not the most attractive option for an apartment balcony privacy screen. I am an arbitrator on a lawsuit that involves a concrete slab-on-ground patio for a multi-family residential building. Green colors are popular, and you can also add plants to make them look more vibrant. n Final drawings stamped and signed by a PE licensed in the project’s jurisdiction. Ideal for multi-family housing, office buildings, condos. Bed your edge restraint into. Difficulty opening and closing windows or doors due to swelling of wood. This useful article also delves into the answers to our members’ most frequently asked questions. Unlike other methods we have discussed, birds may get used to this remedy and resume operations after realizing the idea behind the water sprinklers. It’s a waterproofing product that’s primarily used on flat roofs or gutters, but nothing is stopping you from using it on your leaky balcony. Severe concrete cracking will in turn subject the reinforcing steel to rust,. Paving with concrete or asphalt may be appropriate for highly developed areas. ". specifying open-jointed paving and decking finishes. Fred owns a condominium that has a balcony. Here are the top choices. Call us on 0203 959 1220 to speak with our expert team. A pale-yellow color will look great on a balcony and add a calming effect. Just think how strong that scrubbing arm will be. We recommend tiling, paving or timber decking over our rubber membrane systems to give a hard wearing balcony surface that will stand up to garden furniture and stiletto heels etc. Porcelain pavers – 12” high parapet, 8” high pedestals – 110 mph. Figure 2 shows a different example of balcony framing for an apartment building constructed in 2018. This crushed stone patio flooring design in San Diego, California is a practical and safe option for fire pits. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. Minimum 10mm gaps hould be. Water ingress in balconies, decks and terraces has been increasingly observed in Victorian residential buildings. Home back. If all you want to do is cover the railings of your balcony, whether for security or privacy, a woven railing cover will be ideal. You cannot have a patio on the second floor of your house as they are made with concrete or stone and generally required to be put into the ground. Charcoal Bullnose Kerb Stones - Concrete Block Edging - (125 x 190 x 100 mm) - 90 Pieces (9m linear) Per pack from £279. In many cities, even a modest terrace is considered a luxury. It is a very brittle material. Once you've determined the size and location of the patio, you'll need to decide what paving material to use. TheseHow water damages balconies Most balconies on commercial properties are made of concrete, and even well-built ones are susceptible to water damage simply because they’re exposed to the elements. 1 Authority of the Guide The standards and tolerances identified in the4. Balconies should be designed with suitable thermal breaks in order to reduce heat. Slot the headpiece into the square indent pressed into the stem (the height of the pedestal is shown on the inside of the indent) to create the pedestal unit. Fully adjustable. 2. Wood composite is more expensive than vinyl, for example. Preventing paving wind uplift on balconies and terraces is crucial for the safety and longevity of these structures. But it is also. Concrete balconies contain internal steel reinforcing bars that provide strength to the structure. Balconies are typically small and are not used as social spaces or for entertainment purposes. 6. You should do a. 6 STANDARDS AND TOLERANCES GUIDE INTRODUCTION 1. Use a small courtyard garden as an outdoor living room. Framed balcony construction has significantly more movement than a concrete slab and in our opinion is the reason for the majority of failures. Create patios across levels. Only very-poor-quality concrete is susceptible to greater depths. Like cantilevered balconies, hung balconies are also supported balconies in which a large floor or plate is hung to the building using steel cables at an angle of 45 degrees. Talking about metal railings, dwellers can opt for stainless steel, brass, aluminum, and iron. By that time, the typical structure of the NYC high-rise apartment building was the “concrete flat slab” and, as a consequence, the typical balcony has since been a concrete cantilever, usually not wider than 4 or 5 feet. OUTER DIAMETER. Inspect and Prepare the Damaged Area. Spread the mixture over the concrete with a. In this blog post, we will look at one of the latest solutions for preventing wind uplift to ensure the durability and safety of balconies and terraces. It has developed cracks such that, if there is rain, the water leaks through. However, they’d be ideal for herb gardens and crop plants, too. Georgian balcony supported on iron brackets Edwardian balcony supported on large stone brackets14. 5. Sapphire Cassette® balconies have drainage solutions built-in allowing for extra slim cassettes and lightweight balconies. If you don’t want to purchase sod, we also have a guide for how to grow your own balcony grass; Power Drill (if you don’t already have one) Pea Gravel; Instructions 1. Let the glue dry for a few hours before you tamp the field pavers and sweep sand across the patio to fill the joints. Dex-O-Tex waterproofing products offer protection for a wide range of residential and commercial surfaces from pedestrian walkways, to parking garages, to residential decks and balconies. 1. Documents. Scrub the detergent onto the stains with a stiff-bristle brush. Explore our range of outdoor paving pedestals today. Concrete balconies by 50%. Weakened joints, especially critical at balcony railings and structural posts. With reasonable-quality concrete, the carbonation depths can reach perhaps 20 or 25 mm (4/5 to 1 in. Bigger balconies will of course run at the high end of that range (or higher) than smaller additions. Petgrow Pet Pad Artificial Grass Turf: Safe for pets and children, anti-slip, environmental-friendly. An angular wall of exposed concrete. For this reason, it facilitates itself to large venues like a get-together or a party. Find similar outdoor seating ideas in our guide to the best garden. Non-combustible to BS EN 13501-1 Fire classification of construction products & building elements; Designed for exterior applications; Made from 100% class A1 thick. 'Stone is an excellent. Contain the term orange or bike, or both. The big plate is attached to the framework at a 45-degree angle, which is a right angle. The deck of the balcony is a bit old and worn. Cleaning a glass balcony, and doors and windows, all use the same method. Natural Stone: Most common types of pavers are flagstone or fieldstone. First, spray the moss with white vinegar or pour white vinegar directly on the areas where the moss is located. The most obvious use for a privacy lattice is to fix it to your balcony railing. It’s ideal for painting over joins between the balcony flooring and building or. Milbank manufactures precast concrete balconies for a range of projects. 1. Troughs are suitable planters for a balcony if you want tall plants. The first step in any balcony waterproofing project should be to fill in cracks and gaps. Dip the brush into the solution if it starts to run out. Important steps to a safe and successful concrete balcony repair. Hey urban dweller, if your tiny apartment balcony feels more like a curse than an amenity, listen up. The masonry surface of the balcony, such as tiles and grout, stone or concrete. 1. If you used a lightweight concrete, which is double the price of. These pads, typically 3/8” or ½” thick, have inbuilt spacer tabs so you don’t need to worry about alignment or spacing as this is taken care of automatically. The rate of heat transfer depends primarily on the temperature difference across the thermal bridge, the thermal conductivity of the protruding materials, and the cross-sectional area of the thermal bridge. Bonded Topping Slab. Compliance with this acceptable construction practice satisfies for the attachment of a deck or balcony to an. 5. The strength of the joists in the balcony are dependent on a considerable “backspan” of the same joists into the structure, generally a minimum of three times the length of the joists exposed at the balcony. Continue to 6 of 40 below. Lay a patio sub base by laying down a 100mm layer aggregate down (aka MOT) or a 75mm layer - I found it was debatable in forums. All of the balcony's edges are secured with these wires. Steel balconies can attach to buildings using a variety of methods. Each individual balcony is unique in size, shape and protrusion, allowing residents to chat with neighbors above or below. The reaction hardens the water and results in stalactites 1. Spring cleaning! I'll show you how to clean and keep your balcony clean without a hose! Great for rentals and condos, apartments alike. AND must be in uppercase. The cantilever concrete balcony: These concrete balconies get built so the balcony extends from the building’s face without any additional support. In the thickness of the roll there is also an armature (in glass-fiber or polyester-fiber) to increase resistance. 4. Use privacy screens. AliPave has been designed to provide for the first time an off-the-shelf, fully compliant, positively drained paving system for steel balconies. Eterno Ivica Tile & Slab Lifter for Outdoor Tiles. The following checks may be useful: • Look for signs. Online Training Course - How to waterproof balconies that have a concrete slab. Yet, resurfacing concrete flooring does come with a cost. As part of our balcony solution for the residential sector, we are able to provide a design, supply, and installation service which includes bolt-on balconies. After that time, carefully remove the square of foil or plastic and check the concrete and the underside of the square for condensation or moisture. 0 General 54 Appendix A - History of Editions 55. Exterior stairs and landings attached to wood require inspection. Let this sit for about 30 minutes. Alternatives to a pedestal system require the use of grout and or adhesives, which will violate most condo regulations. There are many materials available for this and most of them are quite affordable. These are the vertical or horizontal. Make sure to tackle the entire green-infested patio, walkway, or surface. More expensive than bricks and concrete. Resin Anchoring Corrosion Mitigation Concrete Repair Concrete Protection Balcony Flooring Structural Strengthening Joint Sealing Sika ® AnchorFix Sika FerroGard ®SikaTop /SikaRepair Sikagard® 550W Elastocolor Sikalastic® 180/181CA Sikadur Sikaflex Injectable, high strength, non-sag resins forTo extend a concrete balcony, you need to get the necessary permits, map out the boundaries, and drill holes to create a foundation. 2 Cement/sand blinding should be installed on two layers of 1000 gauge polyethylene separating membrane. Shibanee & Kamal Architects. 02 Finish to external concrete paving 21 1. The stability of the ground is also a very important element. Mix vinegar and water in the bucket and spray the mixture on the algae stained area. These stalagmites will hang from the bottom of an exposed balcony. With decades of expertise in external and internal flooring, non-combustible balcony solutions, cladding and fencing, plus an expert team on hand, EnviroBuild are the perfect partners for your build. They are more multifaceted than porch in terms of functionality and décor. If decking or paving to a balcony is to be installed above the waterproofing (but less than 150mm below the sill) it should be a type and design that prevents standing water build-up. Laying down turf can help avoid mold and mildew growth on your deck as well. The Noce Selvatico (30x120 cm) and Scottish Oak (40x120 cm and available in 20 mm thickness) variants, in particular, will give terrace and balcony pavings a unique style and great personality - the intimate, relaxing beauty of wood extends to outdoor spaces, for a sophisticated, extremely modern effect. These days more and more condominium and apartment balconies are cracking and crumbling - resulting in balcony repair and restoration. Adjustable pedestals can be used to create raised floors on balconies, green roofs, water features, and terraces; ensuring sophisticated paving without the need for expensive structural work. Raining or not, new pavement must be placed on a firm, unyielding base. These are the vertical or horizontal. 0 Termite management systems 52 18. £118.